Indonesian Numbers 1-10 Etymology and Austronesian Languages

Indonesian belongs to Austronesian Languages. And Austronesian languages are the most geographically spread out language family in the world. It covers from north from Taiwan, to south, to Philippines, to Malay to Indonesia, and to New Zealand, from West from African Madagascar, to East, to Hawaii, and much further to Easter Island.

From the standpoint of historical linguistics, the place of origin of the Austronesian languages or the Urheimat of Austronesian Language Family is most likely the main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, ilha formosa, the beautiful island.

Austronesian Numbers Comparisons

Proto-Austronesia	*(ǝ)sa	*duSa	*telu	*Sǝpat	*lima	*ǝnem	*pitu	*walu	*Siwa	*sa-puluq
Indonesian	satu	dua	tiga	empat	lima	enam	tujuh	delapan	sembilan	sepuluh
Malay	satu	dua	tiga	empat	lima	enam	tujuh	lapan	sembilan	sepuluh
Javanese (Ngoko)	siji ꦱꦶꦗꦶ ꧇꧑꧇	loro ꦭꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ ꧇꧒꧇	telu ꦠꦼꦭꦸ ꧇꧓꧇	papat ꦥꦥꦠ꧀ ꧇꧔꧇	lima ꦭꦶꦩ ꧇꧕꧇	enem ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ ꧇꧖꧇	pitu ꦥꦶꦠꦸ ꧇꧗꧇	wolu ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ ꧇꧘꧇	sanga ꦱꦔ ꧇꧙꧇	sapuluh ꦱꦼꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ ꧇꧑꧐꧇
Javanese (Krama)	setunggal ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀	kalih ꦏꦭꦶꦃ	tiga ꦠꦶꦒ	sekawan ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀	gangsal ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀	enem ꦤꦼꦩ꧀	pitu ꦥꦶꦠꦸ	wolu ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ	sanga ꦱꦔ	sedasa ꦱꦼꦢꦱ
Balinese	besik, siki, eka	dua, kalih, dwi	telu, tiga, tri	empat, papat, catur	lima, panca	enem, sad	pitu, sapta	kutus, asta	sia, sanga	dasa, dasa
Sundanese	hiji ᮠᮤᮏᮤ |᮱|	dua ᮓᮥᮃ |᮲|	tilu ᮒᮤᮜᮥ |᮳|	opat ᮇᮕᮒ᮪ |᮴|	lima ᮜᮤᮙ |᮵|	genep ᮌᮨᮔᮨᮕ᮪ |᮶|	tujuh ᮒᮥᮏᮥᮠ᮪ |᮷|	dalapan ᮓᮜᮕᮔ᮪ |᮸|	salapan ᮞᮜᮕᮔ᮪ |᮹|	sapuluh ᮞᮕᮥᮜᮥᮂ |᮱᮰|
Makassarese	se’re ᨔᨙᨑᨙ	rua ᨑᨘᨕ	tallu ᨈᨒᨘ	appa’ ᨕᨄ	lima ᨒᨗᨆ	annang ᨕᨊ	tuju ᨈᨘᨍᨘ	sagantuju ᨔᨁᨈᨘᨍᨘ	salapang ᨔᨒᨄ	sampulo ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚ
Pamona	samba’a	radua	tatogo	aopo	alima	aono	papitu	uayu	sasio	sampuyu
Tagalog / Filipino	isa	dalawa	tatlo	apat	lima	anim	pito	walo	siyam	sampu
Paiwan	ita	dusa	tjelu	sepatj	lima	unem	pitju	alu	siva	ta-puluq
Amis	cecay	tosa	tolo	sepat	lima	enem	pito	falo	siwa	polo’
Malagasy	iray / isa	roa	telo	efatra	dimy	enina	fito	valo	sivy	folo
Samoan	tasi	lua	tolu	fā	lima	ono	fitu	valu	iva	sefulu
Maori	tahi	rua	toru	whā	rima	ono	whitu	waru	iwa	tekau, ngahuru
Hawaii	’ekahi	’elua	’ekolu	’ehā	’elima	’eono	’ehiku	’ewalu	’eiwa	’umi
Rapa Nui	tahi	rua	toru	hā	rima	ono	hitu	va’u	iva	’aŋahuru

Links and References

Austronesian Language Family

• Rumpun bahasa Austronesia: http://kk.sttbandung.ac.id/id1/2-3042-2940/Bahasa-Austronesia_25808_kk-sttbandung.html
• Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics – Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
• Cognatesets *batux: https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/29851#3/-7.98/150.42
• Cognatesets *telu: https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30753#3/-7.71/150.38
• Cognatesets *qatelur: https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/27662#4/-3.89/132.94
• Cognatesets *qalima: https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/32003#4/4.39/143.86
• Cognatesets *tuzuq: https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30955#3/1.86/140.51

Indonesian Numbers, Javanese Numbers

• An investigation into Malay numeral classifier acquisition through an elicited production task – Khazriyati Salehuddin, University of Western Sydney, Heather Winskel, University of Western Sydney: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0142723709103187
• Malay tiga ‘Three’: A Further Note – Isidore Dyen: https://www.jstor.org/stable/409682#metadata_info_tab_contents
• The Alor-Pantar Languages – History of Typology – Marian Klamer: https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7YUpDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Samoan Language and Samoan Numbers

• Numbers and Counting in Samoan: https://gaganasamoana.com/numbers-and-counting-in-samoan/

Hawaiian Language and Hawaiian Numbers

• Hawaiian Numbers – Omniglot: https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/hawaiian.htm
• Hawaiian Numbers – Wikibook: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hawaiian/Numbers

Maori Language and Maori Numbers

• Numbers in Maori: https://www.maori.cl/learn/numbers.htm

Malagasy Language and Malagasy Numbers

• Malagasy words for numbers: https://www.wildmadagascar.org/people/malagasy-numbers.html